What is freelancer ? - Full details for freelancer

 Freelancer

Freelancing Kya Hai? – Full Details in Hinglish

Freelancing ek aisi working style hai jisme koi bhi individual (freelancer) kisi specific skill ya service ke basis par clients ke liye kaam karta hai bina kisi ek company ke under permanently hire hue. Yeh ek self-employment ka tareeka hai jisme log apni marzi ke mutaabik kaam kar sakte hain.

Freelancing Kaise Kaam Karta Hai?

1. Client aur Freelancer ka Connection: Freelancer apni skills ke basis par clients dhundhta hai aur unke projects par kaam karta hai.

2. Project Selection: Freelancer apni pasand ke projects select kar sakta hai aur ek time par multiple clients ke saath kaam kar sakta hai.

3. Payment Structure: Freelancers apni services ke liye fixed price ya hourly rate charge karte hain. Payment direct client se ya kisi freelancing platform ke through milti hai.

4. Work Flexibility: Freelancer ke paas flexibility hoti hai ki woh kab, kahan aur kitna kaam kare.

Freelancing Ke Liye Popular Fields

Agar aap freelancing start karna chahte hain toh yeh kuch popular fields hain jinme aap kaam kar sakte hain:  

1. Writing & Content Creation – Blog writing, copywriting, content writing

2. Graphic Designing – Logo design, banner design, illustration

3. Web Development – Website design, front-end & back-end development

4. Digital Marketing – SEO, social media marketing, PPC ads

5. Video Editing & Animation – YouTube video editing, motion graphics

6. Programming & App Development – Software development, mobile app development

7. Translation & Transcription – Language translation, audio transcription

8. Virtual Assistance & Data Entry – Admin work, customer support

9. Photography & Video Production – Stock photography, videography

Freelancing Start Karne Ke Liye Steps

1. Skill Choose Karein: Sabse pehle apni expertise ya interest ke mutaabik ek skill select karein.

2. Portfolio Banayein: Apne kaam ke samples ready karein taaki clients ko dikhaya ja sake.

3. Freelancing Platforms Join Karein: Upwork, Fiverr, Freelancer, PeoplePerHour jaise platforms par apna profile banayein.

4. Clients Ko Approach Karein: Job proposals likhein aur projects ke liye clients se contact karein.

5. Work Deliver Karein & Payment Receive Karein: Client ki requirements ke mutaabik kaam karein aur timely delivery dekar payment receive karein.

Freelancing Ke Fayde (Benefits)

✔ Flexible Timing – Apni marzi se kaam karne ki azadi

✔ Unlimited Earning Potential – Jitna kaam utni earning

✔ No Boss Pressure – Apni terms par kaam karna

✔ Multiple Income Sources – Ek se zyada clients ke saath kaam karne ka chance

✔ Remote Work – Ghar baithe ya kahin se bhi kaam karne ki suvidha

Freelancing Ke Challenges

❌ Stable Income Ki Kami – Regular clients na mile toh income inconsistent ho sakti hai

❌ Self-Discipline Required – Khud apni productivity maintain karni padti hai

❌ Competition Zyada Hai – Beginners ke liye clients dhundhna tough ho sakta hai

❌ No Job Security – Permanent salary nahi hoti, hamesha naye projects dhundhne hote hain

Conclusion

Agar aapke paas ek achhi skill hai aur aap independent work karna chahte hain toh freelancing ek accha career option ho sakta hai. Lekin, isme patience aur consistency bahut zaroori hai. Pehle skills develop karein, experience lein aur phir gradually apni freelancing journey grow karein.

Agar aapko freelancing se related koi aur sawaal hai toh pooch sakte hain!

Freelancer details for blog writing 

Freelance Blog Writing Kya Hota Hai?

Blog writing ek aisa kaam hai jisme aap kisi website, brand, ya individual ke liye blog posts likhte ho. Freelance blog writers regular ya occasional basis par articles likhte hain specific topics par, jaise lifestyle, travel, health, tech, finance, education, etc.

---

Freelance Blog Writer Ban’ne Ke Liye Zaroori Skills

1. Writing Skills: Grammar, spelling, sentence structure aur readability pe focus hona chahiye.

2. SEO Knowledge: Keywords ka sahi use, headings, meta description banana aana chahiye.

3. Research Skill: Aapko kisi bhi topic par detailed research karke likhna aana chahiye.

4. Creativity & Clarity: Aapke blog engaging aur clearly written hone chahiye.

5. Time Management: Deadlines meet karna important hota hai freelancing mein.

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Blog Writer Ka Freelancing Workflow

1. Client Dhoondhna: Freelancing platforms (Fiverr, Upwork), LinkedIn, ya direct outreach.

2. Niche Decide Karna: Kisi ek ya kuch selected topics (tech, health, fashion) par focus karna.

3. Writing Sample/Portfolio Banana: Kam se kam 3-5 articles ka sample hona chahiye.

4. Proposal LikhnA: Job ke liye apply karte waqt ek impressive proposal likhna hota hai.

5. Writing & Delivery: Client ki requirements ke mutaabik blog likhna aur timely submit karna.

6. Payment Milna: Agreed amount per article ya word-count ke hisaab se milta hai.

Freelance Blog Writing Platforms

• Fiverr – Gig banakar clients attract karo

• Upwork – Job proposals bhejna padta hai

• Freelancer.com – Bidding-based system

Contentmart (India specific, ab band ho chuka hai)

LinkedIn – Clients se direct connect hone ka achha option

PeoplePerHour / Guru.com – Additional options

_ _ _

Typical Earning for Freelance Blog Writers

• Beginners: ₹0.30 – ₹1 per word

• Intermediate: ₹1 – ₹3 per word

• Experienced Writers: ₹3 – ₹10+ per word

Aksar projects fixed rate par bhi hote hain (e.g., ₹500 ya ₹2000 per article)

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High-Demand Blog Niches

1. Health & Fitness

2. Finance & Investment

3. Tech & Gadgets

4. Digital Marketing

5. Travel & Lifestyle

6. Parenting & Education

7. Personal Development

8. Food & Recipes

9. Real Estate

10. Business & Startups

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Tips for Successful Freelance Blog Writers

Har week ek naya blog likhne ki aadat daalein (writing practice)

Blogging ke liye tools ka use karein (Grammarly, Hemingway, Ubersuggest, SurferSEO)

Apna personal blog banayein (WordPress/Medium par)

Har project ke baad client se testimonial lein

English ke saath Hindi/hinglish blogs bhi likhna seekhein (desi market ke liye)

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Agar aap chahein toh main aapko freelance blog writer ka sample portfolio, resume, ya ek Fiverr gig description bhi bana kar de sakta hoon. Bataiye kis cheez mein madad chahiye?

Also, aap beginner ho ya intermediate level par ho, yeh bhi bata do so I can tailor it for you!

 

Freelancer sikhane ke liye click this link 

https://youtu.be/S-kQqCPUc3Y?feature=shared

Digital marketing kya hai ? All daiteal

 Digital marketing 

The Power of Digital Marketing: A Guide for Businesses

In today’s fast-paced digital world, businesses must leverage online marketing strategies to stay ahead of the competition. Digital marketing offers an array of tools and techniques to reach the right audience and drive sales effectively. This blog will explore the key aspects of digital marketing and how businesses can benefit from it.

What is Digital Marketing?

Digital marketing refers to all marketing efforts that use the internet and digital channels such as social media, email, search engines, and websites to connect with potential customers. Unlike traditional marketing, digital marketing provides businesses with measurable results and real-time insights.

Key Components of Digital Marketing

1. Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
   Enhancing website visibility on search engines to attract organic traffic.

   

2. Content Marketing
   Creating valuable content that engages and educates the audience.

   

3. Social Media Marketing
   Utilizing platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn to build brand awareness.

   

4. Email Marketing
   Sending personalized emails to nurture leads and retain customers.

   

5. Pay-Per-Click (PPC) Advertising
   Running targeted ads on search engines and social media platforms.

   

6. Affiliate Marketing
   Partnering with influencers or affiliates to promote products.

   

Benefits of Digital Marketing

• Cost-Effective: More affordable than traditional marketing methods.
• Wider Reach: Connect with global audiences regardless of location.
• Targeted Approach: Use data-driven insights to focus on the right customers.
• Measurable Results: Track performance and adjust strategies accordingly.
• Enhanced Engagement: Foster direct interactions with potential customers.

How to Get Started with Digital Marketing

1. Define Your Goals
   Understand what you want to achieve with digital marketing—brand awareness, lead generation, or sales.

2. Identify Your Target Audience
   Research your audience’s interests, behaviors, and demographics to craft tailored campaigns.

3. Choose the Right Channels
   Focus on platforms where your target audience is most active, whether it's social media, email, or search engines.

4. Develop a Content Strategy
   Create valuable content in the form of blogs, videos, infographics, and social media posts.

5. Leverage Analytics
   Monitor key metrics using tools like Google Analytics to refine your strategies and improve performance.

Conclusion

Digital marketing is a powerful tool that businesses cannot afford to ignore. By leveraging SEO, content marketing, social media, and other digital strategies, companies can effectively grow their brand and increase revenue. If you haven’t yet embraced digital marketing, now is the time to start!

By implementing the right digital marketing techniques, businesses can ensure long-term growth and success in the online marketplace.

The Power of Digital Marketing: A Guide for Businesses

In today’s fast-paced digital world, businesses must leverage online marketing strategies to stay ahead of the competition. Digital marketing offers an array of tools and techniques to reach the right audience and drive sales effectively. This blog will explore the key aspects of digital marketing and how businesses can benefit from it.

What is Digital Marketing?

Digital marketing refers to all marketing efforts that use the internet and digital channels such as social media, email, search engines, and websites to connect with potential customers. Unlike traditional marketing, digital marketing provides businesses with measurable results and real-time insights.

Key Components of Digital Marketing

1. Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

SEO is the practice of optimizing websites to rank higher on search engines like Google. It involves keyword research, on-page optimization, link building, and technical improvements to enhance website visibility.

SEO Best Practices:

Conduct thorough keyword research to understand what your audience is searching for.

Optimize meta titles, descriptions, and headers with relevant keywords.

Ensure a mobile-friendly website for better user experience.

Build high-quality backlinks from authoritative sources.

Improve website speed and performance.

2. Content Marketing

Content marketing focuses on creating valuable, relevant, and consistent content to attract and engage an audience. This can include blog posts, videos, infographics, and podcasts.

Benefits of Content Marketing:

Boosts SEO rankings and website traffic.

Builds trust and credibility with customers.

Educates and nurtures leads through informative content.

Increases social media engagement and sharing.

3. Social Media Marketing

Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, and Twitter provide powerful tools for engaging with customers and building brand awareness.

Effective Social Media Strategies:

Create consistent and engaging content tailored to each platform.

Use paid ads and influencer marketing to expand reach.

Engage with followers through comments, polls, and live sessions.

Analyze social media metrics to improve performance.

4. Email Marketing

Email marketing is one of the most effective ways to nurture leads and retain customers through personalized email campaigns.

Email Marketing Tips:

Segment your audience based on interests and behavior.

Personalize email content for better engagement.

Use compelling subject lines to increase open rates.

Automate email sequences to nurture leads over time.

5. Pay-Per-Click (PPC) Advertising

PPC advertising allows businesses to display ads on search engines and social media platforms and only pay when users click on the ads.

PPC Advertising Benefits:

Immediate visibility on search engines.

Highly targeted campaigns with specific audience demographics.

Control over ad budget and spending.

Detailed analytics to measure ROI and optimize performance.

6. Affiliate Marketing

Affiliate marketing involves partnering with influencers or third-party websites to promote your products and earn commissions on sales.

Advantages of Affiliate Marketing:

Cost-effective marketing with performance-based payouts.

Access to new audiences through affiliates.

Increased brand exposure and credibility.

Benefits of Digital Marketing ;

1. Cost-Effective

Digital marketing is more affordable compared to traditional marketing methods like TV or print ads. Businesses can allocate their budget strategically based on real-time insights.

2. Wider Reach

With digital marketing, businesses can reach customers across the globe, breaking geographical barriers and targeting specific demographics.

3. Targeted Approach

Using data-driven insights, businesses can focus on the right customers based on location, interests, age, and online behavior.

4. Measurable Results

Unlike traditional marketing, digital marketing provides real-time analytics, allowing businesses to track performance and optimize their campaigns.

5. Enhanced Engagement

Digital platforms allow businesses to engage directly with customers through comments, chats, and personalized experiences, fostering stronger relationships.

How to Get Started with Digital Marketing 

1. Define Your Goals

Clearly outline what you want to achieve with digital marketing—brand awareness, lead generation, website traffic, or sales.

2. Identify Your Target Audience

Research your audience’s interests, demographics, and online behavior to tailor your marketing strategy.

3. Choose the Right Channels

Select the most effective digital marketing channels based on your business type and target audience.

4. Develop a Content Strategy

Create engaging content that educates, informs, and entertains your audience across different digital platforms.

5. Leverage Analytics

Use tools like Google Analytics, social media insights, and email marketing reports to monitor performance and make data-driven decisions.

Conclusion

Digital marketing is a powerful tool that businesses cannot afford to ignore. By leveraging SEO, content marketing, social media, and other digital strategies, companies can effectively grow their brand and increase revenue.

If you haven’t yet embraced digital marketing, now is the time to start!

By implementing the right digital marketing techniques, businesses can ensure long-term growth and success in the online marketplace.

I've added more details to each section, including best practices, strategies, and benefits, to make the blog more comprehensive. Let me know if you need further refinements!

Learn for Digital marketing  ;

https://youtu.be/NbVbiFGhXg0?feature=shared

Affiliate marketing Tips

Affiliate marketing 

 Affiliate marketing 

Affiliate Marketing ek tarika hai jisme aap kisi aur ke product ya service ka promotion karke commission kama sakte hain. Isme aap ek affiliate ke roop me kaam karte hain aur jab bhi koi vyakti aapke diye gaye link se purchase karta hai, to aapko ek certain percentage ya fixed amount commission milta hai.

Affiliate Marketing Kaise Kaam Karta Hai?

1. Affiliate Program Join Karein – Pehle aapko kisi company ya platform ka affiliate program join karna hota hai, jaise Amazon Associates, Flipkart Affiliate, ClickBank, CJ Affiliate, ya ShareASale.

2. Unique Affiliate Link Milega – Jab aap kisi product ko promote karte hain, to aapko ek unique tracking link milta hai.

3. Promotion Karein – Aap apne website, blog, YouTube channel, social media ya paid ads ke madhyam se logon tak ye link pahunchate hain.

4. Sales Hogi to Commission Milega – Jab koi vyakti aapke affiliate link se product kharidta hai, to aapko uska commission milta hai.

Affiliate Marketing Ke Fayde

✅ Investment ki zaroorat nahi hoti – Aap bina koi product banaye paise kama sakte hain.

✅ Passive Income ka zariya – Ek baar acchi tarah promotion karne ke baad aap bina extra kaam kiye bhi kama sakte hain.

✅ Ghar baithe kaam kar sakte hain – Ye ek online business model hai jo aap kahin se bhi shuru kar sakte hain.

Popular Affiliate Programs

Amazon Associates (Amazon ke products ka promotion)

Flipkart Affiliate

ClickBank (Digital products aur courses ke liye)

CJ Affiliate (Badi companies ke products promote karne ka mauka)

Affiliate Marketing ek tarika hai jisme aap kisi aur ke product ya service ka promotion karke commission kama sakte hain. Isme aap ek affiliate ke roop me kaam karte hain aur jab bhi koi vyakti aapke diye gaye link se purchase karta hai, to aapko ek certain percentage ya fixed amount commission milta hai.

Affiliate Marketing Kaise Kaam Karta Hai?

1.  Affiliate Program Join Karein – Pehle aapko kisi company ya platform ka affiliate program join karna hota hai, jaise Amazon Associates, Flipkart Affiliate, ClickBank, CJ Affiliate, ya ShareASale.

2. Unique Affiliate Link Milega – Jab aap kisi product ko promote karte hain, to aapko ek unique tracking link milta hai.

3. Promotion Karein – Aap apne website, blog, YouTube channel, social media ya paid ads ke madhyam se logon tak ye link pahunchate hain.

4. Sales Hogi to Commission Milega – Jab koi vyakti aapke affiliate link se product kharidta hai, to aapko uska commission milta hai.

Affiliate Marketing Ke Fayde

✅ Investment ki zaroorat nahi hoti – Aap bina koi product banaye paise kama sakte hain.

✅ Passive Income ka zariya – Ek baar acchi tarah promotion karne ke baad aap bina extra kaam kiye bhi kama sakte hain.

✅ Ghar baithe kaam kar sakte hain – Ye ek online business model hai jo aap kahin se bhi shuru kar sakte hain.

Popular Affiliate Programs

Amazon Associates (Amazon ke products ka promotion)

Flipkart Affiliate

ClickBank (Digital products aur courses ke liye)

CJ Affiliate (Badi companies ke products promote karne ka mauka)

ShareASale

Agar aapko online paise kamane ka interest hai to affiliate marketing ek achha option ho sakta hai. Kya aap ise start karne ke baare mein soch rahe hain?

Affiliate Marketing Kya Hai?

Affiliate Marketing ek performance-based marketing model hai jisme aap kisi aur ke products ya services ko promote karke commission kama sakte hain. Jab bhi koi vyakti aapke affiliate link ke madhyam se product kharidta hai ya koi action (signup, subscription, download, etc.) complete karta hai, tab aapko commission milta hai.

Yeh ek passive income source ho sakta hai jisme aap bina apna product banaye online paisa kama sakte hain.

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Affiliate Marketing Kaise Kaam Karta Hai?

1. Affiliate Program Join Karein

Sabse pehle aapko kisi company ya platform ke affiliate program ko join karna hota hai.

Har program ka apna terms & conditions hota hai aur alag-alag commission rates hote hain.

2. Affiliate Link Milega

Jab aap kisi product ko promote karte hain, to aapko ek unique tracking link milta hai.

Jab koi user us link par click karke purchase karta hai, to us transaction ka record affiliate network rakhta hai.

3. Promotion Karein

Aap apne blog, website, YouTube channel, social media ya paid ads ka use karke affiliate links promote kar sakte hain.

SEO, email marketing, aur paid advertising ke zariye zyada traffic aur conversion laya ja sakta hai.

4. Sale Ya Action Hone Par Commission Milega

Jab koi vyakti aapke affiliate link ke madhyam se koi action complete karta hai, tab aapko commission milta hai.

Har product aur affiliate network ka alag-alag commission rate hota hai.

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Affiliate Marketing Ke Pramukh Components

1. Merchant (Seller/Advertiser)

Jo company ya vyakti apne products ya services ko bechne ke liye affiliate program chalata hai.

Jaise Amazon, Flipkart, Hostinger, Bluehost, ClickBank, etc.

2. Affiliate (Publisher/Marketer)

Jo vyakti ya organization affiliate products promote karta hai aur sales ya leads generate karta hai.

Aap ek blogger, YouTuber, social media influencer, email marketer ya advertiser ho sakte hain.

3. Consumer (Buyer/Customer)

Jo vyakti affiliate link ke madhyam se product ya service kharidta hai.

Buyer ko additional charge nahi lagta, balki company apne profit ka ek hissa affiliate ko deti hai.

4. Affiliate Network (Optional)

Yeh ek middleman hota hai jo merchants aur affiliates ko connect karta hai.

Jaise CJ Affiliate, ShareASale, Rakuten, Impact, ClickBank, etc.

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Affiliate Marketing Ke Prakar

1. Pay-Per-Sale (PPS)

Jab koi vyakti aapke affiliate link se product ya service kharidta hai, tab aapko commission milta hai.

Example: Amazon Associates, Flipkart Affiliate

2. Pay-Per-Click (PPC)

Jab koi user aapke affiliate link par click karta hai, tab aapko commission milta hai (bina sale ke bhi).

Kam companies ye model follow karti hain.

3. Pay-Per-Lead (PPL)

Jab koi vyakti affiliate link ke madhyam se form fill karta hai, signup karta hai ya free trial leta hai, tab aapko commission milta hai.

Example: Hosting aur SaaS companies (Bluehost, Hostinger, Semrush)

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Affiliate Marketing Kaise Shuru Karein?

Step 1: Niche (Topic) Select Karein

Affiliate marketing me safalta pane ke liye ek specific niche par kaam karna zaroori hai. Kuch popular niches:

✅ Technology (Gadgets, Mobile, Laptops)

✅ Health & Fitness (Weight Loss, Supplements)

✅ Finance (Credit Cards, Investment)

✅ Digital Marketing (SEO Tools, Hosting)

✅ Fashion & Beauty (Clothing, Skincare)

Step 2: Blog Ya Website Banayein

Agar aap serious affiliate marketing karna chahte hain to ek blog ya website banana faydemand hoga. Aap WordPress ya Blogger ka use karke free ya paid website bana sakte hain.

Step 3: Affiliate Program Join Karein

Kuch popular affiliate programs:

Amazon Associates (E-commerce)

Flipkart Affiliate (E-commerce)

CJ Affiliate (Multiple Brands)

ShareASale (Global Affiliate Network)

Bluehost, Hostinger (Web Hosting)

ClickBank (Digital Products)

Step 4: Content Create Karein & Promote Karein

Aap blog posts, YouTube videos, social media posts ya paid ads ke zariye apne affiliate links promote kar sakte hain. SEO aur email marketing bhi effective tareeke hain.

Step 5: Traffic Aur Sales Generate Karein

Zyada traffic lane ke liye aap:

SEO (Google me rank karna)

Social Media Marketing (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter)

YouTube Marketing

Paid Advertising (Google Ads, Facebook Ads) ka use kar sakte hain.

Step 6: Commission Earn Karein

Jab aapke referral se log purchases karenge, tab aapko commission milega jo bank account ya PayPal me transfer kiya jayega.

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Affiliate Marketing Ke Fayde Aur Nuksan

✅ Fayde:

✔ Low Investment aur High Earning Potential

✔ Passive Income Source

✔ Work From Home Opportunity

✔ No Product Creation Required

❌ Nuksan:

✘ Competition Bahut Zyada Hai

✘ Consistent Effort Required Hai

✘ Instant Income Nahi Milta (Time Lagta Hai)

✘ Payment Delays Ho Sakte Hain

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Conclusion: Kya Affiliate Marketing Aapke Liye Sahi Hai?

Agar aap online paisa kamana chahte hain aur patience, mehnat aur consistency se kaam kar sakte hain, to affiliate marketing ek achha career option ho sakta hai. Yeh ek long-term game hai jisme time aur effort lagakar achhi income generate ki ja sakti hai.

Aap kis niche me affiliate marketing start karna chahenge?

Pura video dekhe : Affiliate marketing 👇

https://youtu.be/LE8majACeAM?feature=shared

Contect me for more daiteal ;

https://wa.link/7psgbu

Social science

Hello 👋 

Welcome to my blog

 History of the social science

The history of the social sciences has its origins in the common stock of Western philosophy and

shares various precursors, but began most intentionally in the early 18th century with the positivist

philosophy of science. Since the mid-20th century, the term "social science" has come to refer more

generally, not just to sociology but to all those disciplines which analyze society and culture, from

anthropology to psychology to media studies.

The idea that society may be studied in a standardized and objective manner, with scholarly rules

and methodology, is comparatively recent. Philosophers such as Confucius had long since

theorised on topics such as social roles, the scientific analysis of human society is peculiar to the

intellectual break away from the Age of Enlightenment and toward the discourses of Modernity.

Social sciences came forth from the moral philosophy of the time and was influenced by the Age of

Revolutions, such as the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution.

(1)  The beginnings of the

social sciences in the 18th century are reflected in the grand encyclopedia of Diderot, with articles

from Rousseau and other pioneers.

Around the start of the 20th century, Enlightenment philosophy was challenged in various quarters.

After the use of classical theories since the end of the scientific revolution, various fields

substituted mathematics studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a

theoretical structure. The development of social science subfields became very quantitative in

methodology. Conversely, the interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary nature of scientific inquiry into

human behavior and social and environmental factors affecting it made many of the natural

sciences interested in some aspects of social science methodology.

(2)  Examples of boundary

blurring include emerging disciplines like social studies of medicine, biocultural anthropology,

neuropsychology, and the history and sociology of science. Increasingly, quantitative and qualitative

methods are being integrated in the study of human action and its implications and consequences.

In the first half of the 20th century, statistics became a free-standing discipline of applied

mathematics. Statistical methods were used confidently.

In the contemporary period, there continues to be little movement toward consensus on what

methodology might have the power and refinement to connect a proposed "grand theory" with the

various midrange theories which, with considerable success, continue to provide usable frameworks

for massive, growing data banks. See consilience.

Antiquity

Plato's Republic is an influential treatise on political philosophy and the just life.

Aristotle published several works on social organization, such as his Politics, and Constitution of the

Athenians.

Islamic developments

Significant contributions to the social sciences were made in Medieval Islamic civilization. Al-Biruni

(973–1048) wrote detailed comparative studies on the anthropology of peoples, religions and

cultures in the Middle East, Mediterranean and South Asia.

[3] Biruni has also been praised by several

scholars for his Islamic anthropology.

[4]

Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) worked in areas of demography,

[5] 

historiography,

[6]

the philosophy of

history,

[7] 

sociology,

[5][7] and economics. He is best known for his Muqaddimah.

Modern period

Early modern

Near the Renaissance, which began around the 14th century, Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme wrote

on money. In the 15th century St. Atonine of Florence wrote of a comprehensive economic process.

In the 16th century Leonard de Leys (Lessius), Juan de Lugo, and particularly Luis Molina wrote on

economic topics. These writers focused on explaining property as something for "public good".

[8]

Representative figures of the 17th century include David Hartley, Hugo Grotius, Thomas Hobbes,

John Locke, and Samuel von Standard. Thomas Hobbes argued that deductive reasoning from

axioms created a scientific framework, and hence his Leviathan was a scientific description of a

political commonwealth. In the 18th century, social science was called moral philosophy, as

contrasted from natural philosophy and mathematics, and included the study of natural theology,

natural ethics, natural jurisprudence, and policy ("police"), which included economics and finance

("revenue"). Pure philosophy, logic, literature, and history were outside these two categories. Adam

Smith was a professor of moral philosophy, and he was taught by Francis Hutcheson. Figures of the

time included François Quesnay, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Giambattista Vico, William Godwin,

Ti

 Late moder

[8]

Late modern

This unity of science as descriptive remains, for example, in the time of Thomas Hobbes who

argued that deductive reasoning from axioms created a scientific framework, and hence his

Leviathan was a scientific description of a political commonwealth. What would happen within

decades of his work was a revolution in what constituted "science", particularly the work of Isaac

Newton in physics. Newton, by revolutionizing what was then called "natural philosophy", changed

the basic framework by which individuals understood what was "scientific".

While he was merely the archetype of an accelerating trend, the important distinction is that for

Newton, the mathematical flowed from a presumed reality independent of the observer, and working

by its own rules. For philosophers of the same period, mathematical expression of philosophical

ideals was taken to be symbolic of natural human relationships as well: the same laws moved

physical and spiritual reality. For examples see Blaise Pascal, Gottfried Leibniz and Johannes Kepler,

each of whom took mathematical examples as models for human behavior directly. In Pascal's

case, the famous wager; for Leibniz, the invention of binary computation; and for Kepler, the

intervention of angels to guide the planets .

In the realm of other disciplines, this created a pressure to express ideas in the form of

mathematical relationships. Such relationships, called "Laws" after the usage of the time (see

philosophy of science) became the model which other disciplines would emulate.

19th century

The term "social science" was coined in French by Mirabeau in 1767, before becoming a distinct

conceptual field in the nineteenth century.

[9] Auguste Comte (1797–1857) argued that ideas pass

through three rising stages, theological, philosophical and scientific. He defined the difference as

the first being rooted in assumption, the second in critical thinking, and the third in positive

observation. This framework, still rejected by many, encapsulates the thinking which was to push

economic study from being a descriptive to a mathematically based discipline. Karl Marx was one

of the first writers to claim that his methods of research represented a scientific view of history 

this model. With the late 19th century, attempts to apply equations to statements about human

behavior became increasingly common. Among the first were the "Laws" of philology, which

attempted to map the change over time of sounds in a language.